Comparing Different News Websites

The Guardian:

- is displayed in neat columns with lots of text - less colour than the tabloids, text and titles are in black and white - the content is formal and shows the proper news - the positive and negative stories going on in the world.

Financial Times:

- pictures to engage the reader - significant people on the front cover to illustrate what/who the stories are based on - more stories on the newspaper - does not feature the remembrance poppy

The Independent:

- Politics and talks of the environment and parliament - less colour - only in image of Donald Trump - Donald Trump symbolises politics and connects countries because he is the president of America 

The Daily Telegraph:

- Contrasts from the Daily Mail because it focuses on higher social classes as opposed to lower ones; such as The Sun where it discusses celebrity stories and drama, based on false news. - Politics - upper classes - intellectual readers - Small text, to fit more stories/more content

The Times:

- significant logo between the title symbolises politics and old history - little changes have been made - shows target audience can be for the older generation and those interested in Brexit and other politicians. - statistics and figures - controversial topics such as cancer, Donald Trump

Daily Mail:

- Less text, therefore a large title covering over half of the front cover. - More colour - Inclusive - the poppy - symbolic - Spice Girls, a well known pop group that is likely to engage fans and those interested in celebrity gossip.

Metro:

- Newspapers such as the Daily Mail and Metro include something 'free' in order to make it more appealing to customers, so they want to purchase or read the article. - offers at the bottom of the page to show its informal - it promotes deals and discounts. - minimal text

Daily Mirror:

- Big story of a hate crime - celebrity drama of Ant and court - large title - advertising of a TV programmes.

Daily Star:

- offers and compares itself to The Sun on the front cover - '10p cheaper than The Sun' - celebrity stories - informal language - pun/word play - entertaining factors to engage the audience - bold/capital letters

The Sun:

-Larger images than newspapers such as the Guardian and the Independent - main focus on celebrities lives as opposed to the day to day people

Daily Express:

- large titles covering the front cover - presented as a lower social group newspaper - deals included - suggests the lower social classes also, so they can afford - not as educated to understand complex vocabulary

News Values

Threshold = the bigger the impact and reach of the story
Unexpectedness =  an event that is out of the ordinary
Negativity = Bad news is more interesting
Elite persons = stories about important people and powerful means
Unambiguous = stories that are easy to understand
Personalisation  = stories that include personal interest
Proximity = stories that are closer to home
Continuity = stories that are already in the news, continue to update

Types of Newspapers

1) Tabloid (The Sun) - subjective
2) Broadsheet (The Guardian) - objective
3) Mid-Market (Daily mail)
4) Local newspapers (Essex chronicle)
5) Free sheets (metero)

Daily Mail Stereotype example

This is an example of a stereotypical Daily Mail cover as it covers the three things they most likely talk about: 

- The Royals - Photo of the royals and making it heartwarming as they want it to appeal to their female audience 

- Immigrants and news on foreign citizens - The newspaper always exaggerates issues over immigrants and foreign citizens and usually gives a negative connotation towards them. 

- Female stereotype - The fashion pullout banner is pink and has the title 'FEMAIL'. It is suggesting that this pullout is for women only and doesn't make a conscious effort to appeal to all genders.  

News Table

News table

	The Sun	The Daily Mail	The Daily Telegraph (£2.00)
Owned by	It is published by the News Group Newspapers division of News UK, itself a wholly owned subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.	Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) own this newspaper	David and Frederick Barclay.
Audience	·         The sun targets mainly adults over the age of 15. ·         Mainly located in Great Britain with some in Scotland ·         More women than men read the sun ·         Few people in London read the Sun.	Readership of the Daily Mail among individuals from the ABC1 social class is higher than among the C2DE social class – 18.3 million and 10.1 million readers respectively. People of age 65+ are more likely to read this newspaper as young people tend to favour The Daily Star and The Sun.	52% of the Uk population, 23.1 million people. 55% of whom are 15-44. The daily telegraph targets a well-educated audience, predominantly male.
Online	The sun broadcasts their news online with free access to everyone who goes on the website.		News is published online, with various access passes, the standard daily pass is £2.00, ranging for the premium yearly subscription of £300!
Circulation	In March 2018 The Suns circulation was 1,481,876		458487 (November 2017)
Political alignment	Conservative		Right, (Conservative)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Newspapers

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages of Online Newspapers-

> Environmentally friendly
> Live updates (latest)
> Your own personal account to choose topics- Personalising it
> Accessibility- phones, tablets; more practical.
> Free (paywalls- daily telegraph, The Times), Guardian success story asks for subscribers.
> Contact papers quickly.
> Comments on news stories- audience participation
> More interactive- videos and adverts.
> Easy to share articles


Disadvantages of Online Newspapers-

> Holding something- phones, tablet e.t.c 
> Internet needed
> Cant keep the article/ story
> Less accessible for older generations
> Less information 
> Technical errors
> Pop up's- adverts
> Eye strain
> More distracting

Soft and Hard News

Soft and Hard News

Hard News:

> Hard news is the kind of fast-paced news that usually appears on the front page of newspapers. Stories that fall under the umbrella of hard news often deal with topics like business, politics and international news.

For Example-

* Celebrity Gossip 

* Sport

* Entertainment News 

* Fashion News

* Art and Culture

* Human interest stories

Soft News:

> Soft news is defined as those organizations that primarily deal with commentary, entertainment, arts and lifestyle. Soft media can take the form of television programs, magazines or print articles.

For example-

* Politics

* Business and the Economy 

* Industry and Technology

* Science

* War and Conflict 

* Health 

* Education 

* World Events 

George Gerbner

George Gerbner

> He argues that repeated similar headlines , repeated positive representations of the Royal Family - For example, establishes a 'world view' that is hard to challenge. It literally cultivates a right wing ideology and reinforces traditional values.

Examples of subjects in the news that polarise newspapers/readers: 

- Pro/ anti Corbyn , May, Trump 

- Brexit/ Remain

- Immigration

- Muslims

- Syria/ Burma/ Libya refugee crisis

- Mass shootings

- Rich/ poor divide- e.g. Grenfell

The Guardian Case Study

• First published in 1821
• Not profits driven, not a commercial owner - Scott trust
• Hoping to break even this year for the first time ever
• Have reached one million online subscribers this year
• Created a positive actions scheme to encourage ethnic minorities to break down barriers as the decision makers are white male Oxbridge home counties types
• Proud of their Windrush coverage which was initially just one story and then grew to the extent that Amber Rudd had to resign
• Osama Bin Laden wrote a column in the Guardian as a one off
• Wikileaks and Ed Snowden story gained recognition abroad

Daily Mail vs Guardian News Values and Target Audience

Autum 2018 - changed from Paul Darce to Georgie Greig alledly 'slightly softened' the hard line of Brexit

 The Mail is seperated into 3 sections- Daily mail, Mail on Sunday and online newspaper

Daily Mail target audience-

• Male/Female gender split with a female gender skew (particularly the mail online - see femail) Mainstreamers (psychographics)
• C1, C2, D - The stereotype is middle aged, middle England, aspirational middle class/working class but traditionally British. Again, right wing politically.
• 35+ with significant 55+ print readership (average age 58) but younger online
• Supporters of Brexit (most would have voted)
• And British institutions like the Royal Family
• Daily mail have a large advocate to environmental issues and raise awareness about theses issues well compared to other newspapers
• 
  
• 
  

The Guardian News Values and Target Audience:

The Guardian is a suistainable, nonprofit newspaper with the intention of providing key values and morals to benifit the public: 

• Openness
• Honesty
• Integrity
• Courage
• Fairness

It became a non profit to boost its funding of journalism.

Target audience:

The Guardian newspaper targets a well-educated, relatively young, predominantly male and liberal audience centered around London. Fifty-two percent of Guardian readers are male, and the average reader age is 44.

News Industries Research

1. In the Executive Summary, looking at paragraphs 4 and 5 the overview identifies that: ‘today’s aggregate advertising expenditure and net circulation figures equate to about half of their 2007 value.’ Bullet point why you think this is the case.

Due to increase in technological developments, More people have an easier access to the news etc on their phones, computers and tablets etc. This means that the amount of money made from advertising on printed newspapers is rapidly decreasing as people aren't reading printed newspapers as much as in the past.

2. On page 7, the market structure is analysed using data provided by the ABC. Who are the ABC and why is their data collection so important for newspaper owners and advertisers?

The Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK) is a non profit organisation owned and developed by the media industry. ABC delivers industry-agreed standards for media brand measurement of print publications, digital channels and events. 

3. On pages  17-18, paragraph 2.14 the overview identifies the circulation figures of Sunday newspapers. Thinking about your set products and audience consumption, why do you think Sunday newspapers have traditionally sold more copies that their daily counterparts?

The Sunday newspaper will have a higher amount of sales as people wont be working on a Sunday and have the free time to purchase a newspaper and complete the traditional action of reading it.

4.What are the leading broadsheet, tabloid and mid-market tabloids in terms of circulation? What are their daily circulation figures?

The leading broadsheet is Daily telegraph (1101), the leading tabloid is the sun (3417) and the leading mid market is The daily mail (2974).

5. Think about The Guardian and the Daily Mail - describe their position in the marketplace.

The Daily Mail is known as the second most popular newspaper. Despite this, it is the most popular in the mid market region. The guardian is not as popular as the mail, this may be due to the Guardian having a more niche audience.

6. The Guardian is ‘owned by the Scott Trust, a private company whose core purpose is ‘to ensure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian.’ How can this be linked with the news values of the newspaper?

The Guardian Media group is owned by the Scott Trust, a private company whose core purpose is to ensure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian, the papers values are to be honest, fair and bring integrity to the reader. The guardian strives to provide the best news it can, this is shown by the £1 billion investment into the newspaper to improve services etc.

7.In terms of digital distribution, what do you think has been more important to the brand identity of national newspapers, the online website or App mobile platforms? Why/How?

I think the App on mobile is most important for a national newspaper as most people will be on their mobiles throughout the day, this is through commuting when reading news is in its prime. With ease of access the newspaper can project itself best on a mobile, This proves why the mobile platform is most important.

8. A lack of ‘trust’ in newspapers is identified. Why do you think this is?

The Uk newspapers appear to be the least trusted in Europe, according to research by the European Broadcasting Union. The survey consists of 1000 members of the public in each of 33 European countries for its Trust in Media report.

9.Who is the offline and online regulator of the newspaper industry and how effective do you think they are in ‘policing’ the industry? (this was one of your assessment questions!)

The Independent Press Standards Organisations are the regulators for most of the Uk's newspapers and magazines.  They make sure that member newspapers and magazines follow the editors code. They hold newspapers and magazines to account for their actions, protect individual rights, uphold high standards of journalism and maintain freedom of expression for the press. 

10. Look at the following timeline. What’s happened to advertising revenues, why are they important? What other ways have the newspapers industries found to survive? Give examples.

Print display advertising revenue for the national UK newspapers has grown for the first time in more than seven years, according to a new report on ad expenditure. Display ads in national titles saw revenue growth of 1% year on year in the first quarter of 2018, putting it at a total of £152.6m for the period. Within tabloids print display advertising grew by 3% year on year.

Tabloid vs Broardsheet Analysis of story

Questions	The Guardian	The Daily Mirror
Who was involved?	A couple and 2 children	A couple and 2 children
What happened?	Child dead and other critically injured	Child dead and other critically injured.
Where did it happen?	Three-story property in Hackney, North London	Three-story property in Hackney, North London
When did it happen?	Early hours on the 19.03.2017	19.03.2017 in early hours.
How did it happen?	Man arrested after toddler dies in a hammer attack	Man arrested after toddler dies in a hammer attack.
Why did it happen?
What do you notice about the difference in content and how the articles convey this information? Why do you think that is?	More informative and longer text, fewer images. E.g search locations. More witness and profession quotations.	Less information given, Witness quotes provided. Article are more emotional and less informative.

Characteristics of a Tabloid:

• Colorful
• Heavily picture based 
• Vast Headings
• Biased
• Gossip of celebrity's
• Very little text
• Less formal
• Less informative
• Comical

Characteristics of a Broadsheet:

• Lots of text and information
• Minimal pictures
• Usually one large title
• Other small subtitles
• Predominantly, plain (black and white colour scheme)
• Vast structure
• Superior connotations
• Authority 
• Heritage

Newspapers- News Values

Gate keeping- term applied in editing and filtering process where decisions are made to let some information ' pass through'

News Values- choosing which news stories in form a scoring system of stories. Majority of publisists use same scale

ACROYMN

Newspaper- NEWS VALUES

C- Continuity/currency (stories that are already in the news continue to run and are uploaded)

U- Unambiguous

P- Personalisation

P- Proximity

T- Threshold

U- Unexpectedness

N- Negativity

E- Elite persons/ places (stories about important people and powerful nations)

All ACRONYMS

LIAR

L- Language
I- Industry
A- Audience
R- Representation

SOUND

M- Music (what end? feeling)
C- Contrapuntal/parallel (Juxtaposition- Against what your feeling)
D- Diagetic, non diagetic (what actors can hear- real sound) (purpose sounds for effect)
O- Off screen/ on screen (off screen= sound off stage/screen) (on sound= sounds on screen)
V- Voiceover
E- Emotion
D- Dialogue (how/what did they say)

EDITING

S- Screen time (how much time you are on screen)
T- Transition
O- Order of narrative (in order, or jumping around) How much time has actually passed)
P- Pace (cut quickly or slowly)
S- Special Effects ( used mainly for Si-Fi Action)

Mise en Scene

C- Costume (anything you put on)
L- High/medium/low/neutral key 
A- Actors (age, location, gender)
M- Makeup (older/younger looking etc)
P- Props (weapon, pen, etc)
S- Settings (exterior, interior, day/night, month, time)

Genre

D- Describe
S- Setting
T- Themes
I- Icons
N- Narrative
C- Characters
T- Textual analysis- 

Newspaper- NEWS VALUES

C- Continuity/currency (stories that are already in the news continue to run and are uploaded)
U- Unambiguous- an event that is a shock or out of the ordinary
P- Personalisation- stories that include human interest 
P- Proximity- stories that are closer to home 
T- Threshold- the bigger the impact and reach of the story 
U- Unexpectedness- stories that are easy to understand 
N- Negativity- bad news is more interesting 
E- Elite persons/ places (stories about important people and powerful nations)

CLIFT- ACCROYMN FOR ANALYSING NEWSPAPERS

C-COLOUR

L-LAYOUT

I-IMAGES

F-FRAMING- OF IMAGES

T-TYPOGRAPHY- WHAT WORDS MEAN AND HOW THEY LOOK

FAM- Camera

F- Frame 
A- Angle (Birdseye, low high)
M- Movement (crabbing, tracking)

Music Video

G- Genre
I- Instruments
L- Lyrics
E- Emotion

Editing:

S- Screentime
T- transitions
O-order of narative
P- pace
S- sfx (special effects)

Newspaper and Magazine audience 

P-personal identification
I- Information
E- Entertainement
S- Social interaction